Pay-to-play melee training

See Also: Free-to-play Melee training

This melee training guide will help players train all combat skills from 1 to 99. The guide will explain the best monsters to kill at your level, along with providing the advantages and disadvantages of training on each monster. This guide is for pay-to-play only.

General Tips

 * Players should find a good balance of food and potions to bring, but also making sure they have space for loot.


 * Potions can speed up kill rates increasing experience. Attack potion, Strength potion, Energy potion (to reach locations faster), Zamorak brew, Combat potion, Super attack, super strength, Super defence, and Prayer potions.


 * Players can train slayer and melee simultaneously. Black masks and Slayer helmets give a 15% attack and strength bonus, while enchanted salve amulets give a 20% bonus when fighting undead creatures.
 * Players should bring a one-click teleport like the ectophial or teleport tablet, for a quick teleport.


 * Halberds can reach over two squares, allowing players to attack from safe spots Unfortunately, halberds provide slow experience, but players take no damage while using them.


 * If you have any piece of Stealing creation equipment then WEAR IT. The equipment gives double experience in whatever you are training, even when only wearing one piece at a time.

The levels below refer to individual combat stat levels, not to the overall combat level of the player.

Level 3 to 15
2. Kill Goblins near Lumbridge.

Advantages:
 * Many goblins wandering around.
 * Fly-fishing spots nearby can be used for food.
 * There is a general store nearby where drops can be sold.
 * May drop a level one clue scroll to give bonus rewards.

Disadvantages:
 * Often crowded.
 * Low coin drops.

Tips:
 * Goblins sometimes drop goblin mail. Save three of these as they are part of the Goblin Diplomacy quest.
 * There is a broken-down shack near the fishing area. Inside this shack is an iron dagger respawn.

3. Kill Cows or Undead Cows.

Advantages:
 * Cowhides and Raw beef are worth a good amount.

Disadvantages:
 * May be crowded.

4. Kill Chickens all over RuneScape.

Advantages:
 * Chickens rarely inflict damage, so no food is needed.
 * Lots of bones and raw chicken are dropped, which players can use to train Prayer and Cooking, respectively.
 * Chickens drop feathers, which can be used for fly fishing, fletching, or can be sold to other players.

Disadvantages:
 * May be crowded.

5. Kill men or women found anywhere in RuneScape.

Advantages:
 * They do not hit very often.
 * Their Hitpoints are high for their level.
 * They always drop bones.
 * They have decent drops for beginners, including grimy herbs and level one clue scrolls.

Disadvantages:
 * May be spread out to make training quickly difficult.

Tips:
 * There is a house to the north of the bank in Edgeville with a half-dozen men.

8. Kill Monks found in the Monastery near Edgeville and Ardougne.



Advantages:
 * They will heal the player a certain number of Hitpoints when asked.

Disadvantages:
 * They only drop bones.
 * May be crowded.

Level 16 to 30
By this point, players will probably have Steel armour and a Steel weapon, Black armour, or Mithril armour for higher defense. It is recommended to still stick with killing lower levelled NPCs, but if players can handle more of a challenge then the following monsters can be trained on.

1. Kill Crawling Hands in the Morytania Slayer Tower.

Advantages:
 * They are low levelled with good drops. Examples are coloured gloves, rings, and even (extremely rarely) dragon spears.

Disadvantages:
 * Slayer level 5 and Priest in Peril quest required.

2. Kill Barbarians in Barbarian Village.

Advantages:
 * They are in a multicombat area, so players can attack a barbarian that another player is attacking, or attack many barbarians at once.
 * Cooked meat respawns in the long hall, along with beer.

Disadvantages:
 * They vary in level and some attack with range.
 * This area is often crowded.

3. Kill Al-Kharid Warriors in the Al-Kharid palace.

Advantages:
 * They are in a multicombat area, so when players attack any warrior, all other warriors will immediately try to attack the player, resulting in fast experience.

Disadvantages:
 * May be crowded.
 * If players cannot handle the onslaught of warriors, this may not be a good training spot.

4. Kill Minotaurs in the 1st level of the Stronghold of Security.

Advantages:
 * Frequent iron arrow drops.

Disadvantages:
 * Low hitpoint levels, meaning slower experience.

Tips:
 * Stick with the level 12 ones at first. There are level 27 Minotaurs further in the Stronghold. None of them are aggressive.
 * Minotaurs commonly drop iron arrows, around 7 to 14 at a time.

'''5. Kill Rock Crabs in the northern Fremennik Province (completion of Fremennik Trials quest recommended for a better training area.)

Advantages:
 * Multicombat area, meaning many crabs can attack the player at once.
 * High hitpoints (50).
 * They are aggressive.
 * Hit are very rare.

Disadvantages:
 * May be crowded.
 * Dwarf Multicannons can be an extreme annoyance.

'''6. Kill Chaos Druids found in Taverley Dungeon and the Tower near Ardougne These could also be found in the Edgeville Dungeon wilderness area, which is a more recommended area as it's closer to a bank. (don't worry, revenants RARELY come here).'''

Advantages:
 * They drop herbs very often.
 * They have low defence.
 * They spend most of their time casting spells, and hit rarely.

Disadvantages:
 * Can be crowded.
 * They use magic to bind and weaken players.
 * The Chaos Druid Tower requires 46 thieving to enter.
 * Taverley Dungeon is far from a bank.
 * Yanille agility dungeon requires 33 agility to get to the level 13 chaos druids.

8. Guards found at the stalls of East Ardougne.

Advantages:
 * Right next to baker's stalls (steal cakes and bread for food).
 * Close to a bank.
 * Players tend to leave the stolen goods from the stalls (silk, cakes, loaves of bread) lying around.

Disadvantages:
 * Stealing from baker's stalls requires 5 thieving.
 * Getting caught while stealing can lead to unwanted encounters with higher levelled NPC's.

Level 31 to 45
Players should make sure they are well prepared with food before training on any of these monsters.

1. Kill Hill Giants in Edgeville dungeon.

Advantages:
 * Hill giants always drop big bones, for either selling they cost or training prayer.
 * They also drop limpwurt root used in herblore.
 * They are not crowded in member's worlds.
 * Safespots are present for those using the halberd.

Disadvantages:
 * For level 35s ( and below), hill giants may be a bit harder to kill, make sure you prepare a lot of food.
 * They may be crowded.

'''3. Kill Hobgoblins found in many places.

Advantages:
 * Drops Limpwurt root, and other good drops.
 * Low defence.
 * Drops a Champion Challenge scroll.
 * The ones near the Crafting Guild are near Snape Grass Spawns.

Disadvantages:
 * They have good accuracy and can damage you frequently.

4. Kill Earth Warriors found in the Chaos Tunnels or the wilderness portion of the Edgeville Dungeon.

Advantages:
 * They have decent drops.
 * The area is usually not crowded.
 * They drop a champion challenge scroll.
 * They are aggressive.

Disadvantages:
 * You must go through the wilderness to reach them, so you run the risk of being attacked by Revenants.
 * The warriors in the Chaos tunnels, despite not actually being in the wilderness, are in a multicombat area, so you will be attacked by several warriors at a time.
 * There is an agility obstacle before the wilderness location.
 * Revenants occasionally pass through the wilderness portion of the Edgeville Dungeon (Only about 1-2 per hour, they will go in a straight line so you can avoid being attacked by keeping to the side).

'''5. Kill Zombies or Skeletons found in many places.

Advantages:
 * They have decent drops.
 * They are in an uncrowded area.
 * They both drop separate champion challenge scrolls.
 * They are undead, so salve amulets will work.

Disadvantages:
 * They are not very good experience.
 * Skeletons are accurate with their attacks, take note of those with level 25.

Level 46 to 55
Make sure to bring food and put auto-retaliate on so you will automatically attack the monsters. '''1. Kill Rock crabs at Rellekka

Advantages:
 * They respawn quickly.
 * They are a good low level source of Gold Charms.
 * They have 50 hitpoints at only level 13.
 * They rarely hit.

Disadvantages:
 * It is normally very crowded.
 * It is a multi-combat area. Dwarf Cannons can remove any chance of getting experience.

2. Kill Flesh Crawlers in the Stronghold of Security.

Advantages:
 * Always aggressive.
 * They only have a maximum hit of 1.
 * Excellent drops: Players can earn 100k or more in a single trip.
 * They drop fire and nature runes frequently, so you can alchemy or superheat some of the drops for free magic experience.

Disadvantages:
 * Although the Flesh Crawlers are quick experience, they only have 25 health, which means only 100 experience per kill.
 * They can hit quite frequently if players do not wear good armour.
 * There are aggressive zombies nearby.
 * A lot of people train at the Flesh Crawlers, leading to extreme crowding.

Tips:
 * Since the Flesh Crawlers will only be aggressive for a limited time, leave the area and go to the next nearest area where there are more Flesh Crawlers. By doing this, players can continually switch back and forth between areas, so they will always attack you. Do not go up any ladder you find, as you will be transported back to the starting area of the level.

'''3. Kill Level 30 Zombies In Level 2 of Stronghold Of Security

Advantages:
 * Not as crowded as flesh crawlers.
 * Have good drops for their level. Drops Zombie champion scroll and Shield Left Half

Disadvantages:
 * Can damage up to 4 frequently.

4. Kill Moss Giants in Crandor, the Wilderness, Brimhaven Dungeon, Varrock Sewers, a spot north of Ardougne, the Chaos Tunnels or Pirate's Cove.

Advantages:
 * Most areas are not often crowded, especially at the Chaos Tunnels.
 * The Pirate's Cove area is not well known, and there are many spawns packed close together.
 * Some drops can give a good profit, including Ranarr Seeds and grimy Ranarr.
 * Many drops can be alchemised for a good deal of money, using the High Level Alchemy spell.
 * The Pirate's Cove can be used all the way until level 99.
 * Over 40,000 experience an hour can be gained through killing Moss Giants.
 * Moss Giants are aggressive for players with a Combat Level of 84 and below, which allows for less clicking.

Disadvantages:
 * Must have done Dragon Slayer to access Crandor.
 * Must have started Lunar Diplomacy to access Pirate's Cove
 * Beware of revenants in the wilderness area.
 * The Varrock Sewers cannot be efficiently used without a decent agility level, and are sometimes crowded.
 * 875 coins are required to enter the Brimhaven dungeon each trip.
 * It is worth wearing a Ring of Life if players do not plan to watch their characters carefully.

5.Yaks found at Netiznot.

Advantages: (Guide here)
 * 50 hitpoints.
 * Very close to a bank.
 * Fast respawns.

Disadvantages:
 * Must have started The Fremennik Isles to access.
 * Usually very crowded.

Level 56 to 75
2. Kill Ogres, Jogres, or Mogres (32 Slayer required for Mogres).

Advantages:
 * Ogres are all over RuneScape, including Karamja, Castle Wars, and Port Sarim.
 * Drops big bones and various seeds. The ranarr seeddropped by ogres can be sold for 20-30k.
 * High HP for their levels.

Disadvantages:
 * Spots close to a bank can get crowded in largely populated worlds.

'''3. Kill monsters in the Dungeon of Tolna.

Advantages:
 * They are almost always abandoned, and they have 50 HP each with low offence and defence stats. Many spawns present.
 * Gnome Glider spot nearby.

Disadvantages:
 * Must complete A Soul's Bane.
 * They drop absolutely nothing.

'''4. Kill Kalphite Soldiers in the Kalphite Dungeon.

Advantages:
 * They have low defence and Keris can be used on them for massive hits.
 * They are overlooked by many players.
 * Potato Cacti worth 2k each, spawn there.

Disadvantages:
 * They hit up to 9 and poison 6, so countermeasures are needed.
 * The area is multi-combat and the kalphites are aggressive for a time, so safe areas must be used to single fight.

'''5. Kill Ice Giants and Ice Warriors in the Ice cave near Port Sarim, or in the Chaos Tunnels.

Advantages:
 * They are aggressive, and the area is single combat (in the Port Sarim cave only).
 * They have decent drops, including frequent Gold charms.
 * They have a high HP level.
 * Chaos Tunnels almost nearly deserted.

Disadvantages:
 * The Port Sarim Cave is far from a bank.
 * Crowded at peak times in the Port Sarim Cave.
 * Both can damage you up to 7 without good armour.

'''6. Kill Cockroach soldiers found in the Stronghold of Player Safety.

Advantages:
 * Very decent drops.
 * A lot of charm drops.

Disadvantages:
 * They have a good defence.
 * They hit up to 8 and often with melee.
 * If players attempt to run away, they will use ranged attacks with a max hit of 11.
 * They are crowded during peak hours.
 * This area is a multi-combat zone.

Tips:
 * Guthan's set can be used in place of food.
 * Summoning familiars can store items (not recommended except for low levelled foods), and protect the player.

Level 76 to 99
'''1. Kill Armoured Zombies underneath the Chaos Temple.

Advantages:
 * Arguably the fastest Experience for power training melee.
 * Decent money from drops, around 100k an hour.
 * Alter near for prayer
 * Can boost combat stats while training with Salve Amulet and Piety/Chivalry at all times.
 * Medium level aggressive creatures in a single combat zone.

Disadvantages:
 * Defender of Varrock quest required.
 * Players can take a lot of damage, a Bunyip suggested.
 * High requirements recommended to maximize experience. (68 Summoning, 70 prayer, quest, Salve Amulet, good armour)

See Armoured Zombies page for more information.

'''2. Kill TzHaar-Kets or TzHaar-Xils in Tzhaar City.

Advantages:
 * Good for halberds as there are a lot of rocks to hide behind.
 * Excellent drops
 * Right next to a bank.
 * Not aggressive.

Disadvantages:
 * TzHaar-Xils and TzHaar-Kets can hit respective maximums of 11 and 15.
 * Some of the Tzhaar-Xil use ranged attacks that hit very often; watch out for the ones wielding Obsidian Rings.
 * They can be a bit crowded at times

'''3. Kill Bloodvelds in the Slayer Tower at Morytania.

Advantages:
 * They have very high Hitpoints but very low defence, meaning that players are able to do their maximum damage often.
 * Drops are similar to that of a Lesser demon.
 * Close to a bank if players can use the agility shortcut.
 * They deal low damage making able to stay forever with the right equipment or pouches.
 * This spot can be used all the way up to level 99.
 * They drop many green charms used in Summoning.
 * Drop bones for Bones to Peaches for extra healing.

Disadvantages:
 * Their attacks are Magic based Melee.
 * They have bad drops.
 * Require Level 50 Slayer
 * Crowded.

'''4. Kill Ankous in the Stronghold of Security

Advantages:
 * They are undead, so a Salve Amulet can be used.
 * Frequent Blood Rune and Death Rune drops (Law runes for F2P).
 * Close to Edgeville Bank.
 * Some safespots are present.
 * They drop Cooked Bass and Fried Mushrooms.
 * Bones to peaches can be used here.
 * They drop level 3 clue scrolls.

Disadvantages:
 * Must complete the first three levels of the Stronghold of Security to get into this area and partially do the fourth.
 * Crowded at times.
 * The safespots cannot be used until they stop being aggressive.

'''5. Kill Trolls or Troll Generals in Trollheim

Advantages:
 * Close to Trollheim Teleport.
 * Frequent Seed and rare Granite Shield drops
 * High Hitpoints and low attack.
 * Usually isolated.

Disadvantages:
 * They can hit very hard.
 * Troll Generals must be attacked with a safespot or the Protect from Melee prayer. Although they are inaccurate, they can hit up to 42.

'''6. Kill Monkey Guards at Ape Atoll.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 * Players can use Protect from Melee to stay there forever since an altar is nearby.
 * Players can use prayers that boost attack and strength to hit harder and more often.
 * Players can switch the Ring of Life to a Warrior Ring or a Berserker Ring to help them out here, since they do not need to worry about dying with the constant prayer on.
 * Dharok's set can be used with Piety and low health for the very good experience.
 * If you're not careful the guards can box you in away from the altar.
 * There are poison spiders nearby, so players may need to take some antipoison potions.
 * They have a high defence.
 * If players' prayer runs out they may be faced with frequent 18's being hit on you.
 * Must start Monkey Madness and complete it to a degree.

'''7. Kill Dust Devils in the Smoke Dungeon.

Advantages:
 * They have low attack and defence, and high Hitpoints.
 * Drops comparable to Fire giants.
 * Can drop the Dragon Chainbody (very rare).
 * Not crowded.
 * Bones to Peaches can be used here.
 * Drops many crimson charms.

Disadvantages:
 * Facemask and 65 Slayer required.
 * Partial completion of Desert treasure required.
 * Far from bank.

'''8. Kill Green dragon and Blue dragon found in many places.

Advantages:
 * Dragonhide and Dragon Bones and other drops that are worth a lot of money.
 * Level 3 clue scroll drops.
 * Dragons have average-high exp. per hour levels

Disadvantages:
 * They can get very crowded.
 * Revenants can attack players if they go after Wilderness-dwelling dragons.
 * Anti-dragon shield/Dragonfire shield are required, except in the case of Blue dragons in the Ogre Enclave, which are within the reach of many safespots and can be safely fought without an anti-dragon shield.
 * Green dragons are found in Wilderness, and are usually crowded with macroers, but with the removal of the gold farmers which contributed to real world trading this is not as bad as before.

'''9. Kill Hellhounds in Taverley Dungeon and Family Crest Dungeon.

Advantages:
 * Bones to Peaches can be used.
 * High HP and low defence.
 * Drops level 3 clue scrolls.
 * Drops many charms used in Summoning.

Disadvantages:
 * They can get very crowded.
 * Taverley Dungeon can only be effective with 70/80 agility.
 * They only drop bones and charms, and clue scrolls are rare.
 * Players may have to compete with a cannon.
 * They can hit up to 13.
 * May have to walk through poisonous spiders to get to them.

'''10. Play the Pest Control minigame.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 * Players are awarded coins for each game won (ten times their combat level).
 * Commendation points can be spent on experience or other rewards.
 * Prayer points are restored after every game, so you can use combat boosting prayers to get more xp
 * Experience is halved for combat damage (2 experience per damage for non-controlled attacks)
 * Loss of a game rewards nothing.
 * One game has a minimum time of 112 seconds, provided that portals are destroyed within 7 seconds of losing their shields.

11. Kill Moss Giants at the Pirate's Cove or west of Brimhaven.

Advantages:
 * Moss Giants drop Big Bones for Prayer.
 * This location is deserted since most people do not even know about its existence, even after completing Lunar Diplomacy.
 * Good seed drops, including the ranarr seed.
 * Many drops can be alchemised.
 * At these levels the experience rates from Moss Giants suddenly soar. These spawns can be used all the way until level 99!
 * The spawns are very close together, enabling continuous killing.
 * They drop many charms (mainly gold charms) used in Summoning.

Disadvantages:
 * Must have started Lunar Diplomacy to access.

12. Kill Fire Giants at the Waterfall Dungeon or in the Smoke Dungeon.

Advantages:
 * Fire Giants drop Big Bones for Prayer.
 * The Smoke Dungeon is deserted since people are more attracted to the Dust Devils there.
 * Very good drops, including the Dragon Medium Helmet.
 * With Guthan the Infested's set effect, players can stay here as long as they like.
 * Drops many charms *(mainly gold charms) used in Summoning.

Disadvantages:
 * Must have started Waterfall Quest to enter Waterfall Dungeon.
 * Must have facemask and 10 slayer to enter Smoke Dungeon, sacrificing the helmet spot and any barrows set effects. (Healing is possible there, but players must switch to the mask every 8 seconds, or they will continuously be hit 20s until their Hitpoints are reduced to one. Ordinarily this would not be a problem, but since the fire giants are capable of hitting 11s and are aggressive, a connection loss can mean the loss of many millions of coins.

13. Kill Skeletal Hands and Zombie hands at the Meiyerditch Dungeon.

Advantages:
 * High Hitpoints, but very low defence. With a Salve Amulet or a Salve amulet (e), players can hit them even more frequently than Experiments. In some cases over 100k experience per hour can be gained
 * Decent drops, mainly bracelets, including the rare dragonstone bracelet.
 * Not very crowded.

Disadvantages:
 * Must have completed a large part of Legacy of Seergaze to enter Meiyerditch Dungeon.
 * When attacking a skeletal or zombie hand, additional skeletal hands may drop from the ceiling or rise from the floor to attack players. Fortunately, respawn time of these "hidden hands" is extremely slow.
 * Level 65 agility is needed to reach the dungeon quickly. An alternative is to access the Blood Altar through the Abyss (or by using a Blood altar teleport tablet, although, with the first option, players' prayer gets drained and they will be skulled without a Forinthry bracelet.

'''14. Kill Giant Spiders in the Stronghold of Security at Barbarian Village.

Advantages:
 * They are aggressive so players do not have to constantly click on them; in fact, they will only have to click to eat food and renew aggressiveness.
 * Players can easily bank at Edgeville with a Glory Amulet or just walk to Edgeville or the Grand Exchange.
 * A full inventory of lobsters will last for a long period of time.
 * Dragon battleaxe special attack can boost strength.
 * This spot can be used all the way up to level 99.
 * This spot also offers great experience rates per hour!

Disadvantages:
 * They drop nothing.
 * Can get very crowded in some areas.

15. Kill Mutated Bloodvelds at the Meiyerditch Dungeon.

Advantages:
 * Very high hitpoints (level 146 ones have more than Black Dragon), but very low defence.
 * They can drop raw cave eels which can be cooked since there are log and tinderbox respawns nearby.
 * Some of them can be killed with a halberd.

Disadvantages:
 * They can hit hard and frequently.
 * They use magic-based melee attack. Armour with high magic defence is recommended.
 * When attacking a Mutated Bloodveld, Skeletal Hands may drop from the ceiling or rise from the floor to attack players.
 * Level 65 agility is required to reach the dungeon quickly.

'''16. Kill Bandits at the Bandit camp in the Kharidian Desert. '''

Advantages:
 * They are great training, 60-80k experience per hour under the right circumstances.
 * They are in a multicombat area and they are aggressive if players have any item representing Saradomin or Zamorak, and will never stop being aggressive.
 * There is a general store quite close by, so players can un-note food by selling it and buying it back.

Disadvantages:
 * They are almost always crowded in English language servers, so going to a German or French server is recommended, but even those can get crowded.
 * If players don't pay enough attention, they can be killed very fast as the bandits are not weak.

'''17. Kill Skeletons in the Shadow Dungeon

Advantages:
 * One of the best spots to train to 99!
 * They are undead, so a Salve Amulet can be used.
 * They are aggressive, so players can browse the forums, or do anything else while training.
 * Close to Ardougne Bank.
 * Drops long bones, which can be sold to goblins in Dorgesh-Kaan.
 * Drops some good herbs, like grimy ranarrs, and drops law and chaos runes quite frequently.
 * They drop level 2 clue scrolls.

Disadvantages:
 * Requires partial completion of the Desert Treasure quest.
 * Poor drops.
 * They are level 80 and can hit high sometimes.
 * After about 10–15 minutes they get unaggressive, so the player will have to switch spots.

'''18. Play Soul Wars

Advantages:
 * Don't lose items if you die, plus you get fully healed
 * Gain several thousand xp per zeal depending on level, up to 3 zeal per game
 * free bandages
 * Points can be spent on money, pets, or skills.

Disadvantages:
 * 20 minute games, 3 minutes in between
 * Only 3 Soul Wars worlds
 * Somewhat high slayer recommended
 * Can be crowded
 * Long waiting periods

Training Tips
1. Scimitars are great weapons to train with until 70 Attack. At 60 attack it is recommended to do quests that allow you to equip the dragon weapons.

2. Poisoned Weapons can do 6 damage (but receive no exp from it). this can be used to increase kills in some cases but will lower exp slightly. The Dragon Dagger's special attack can poison and deal good damage, making it the best way to poison a target.

3. When players can enter the Warrior's Guild, it is recommended that players retrieve the highest Defender they are able to wield.

4. Abyssal Whip is the best weapon to use in conjunction with a dragonfire shield or rune defender.

5. When players are able to wear full sets of Barrows armour, their special effects can help greatly in battle as they can be interchanged with regular weapons. Dharok the Wretched's set for extremely high strength at lower Hitpoints (Best used with prayer or super defence potions and food, players should watch their Hitpoints), and Guthan the Infested's set for healing and can be very helpful when used off and on with something more damaging.

6. Poorer players are advised not to buy certain pieces of Dragon armour (mainly dragon chainbody, dragon platebody and dragon full helmet) unless they want it just for show. There are, arguably, cheaper and better alternatives.

7. With the appropriate ranged level, players can use dragonhide armour which has good defence versus all types of attacks, especially magic.

8. The Excalibur's Special attack boosts a player's Defence level temporarily and the Enhanced excalibur will also heal you.

9. If players can afford them, use Potions

10. Another good way to train at all levels is Soul Wars, you can spend the reward points on attack, strength, defence, hitpoints or any other combat skill except summoning.